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八年级数学 / 分式 / 分式的乘法与除法
一、核心法则(必背)
1. 分式乘法法则
两个分式相乘,分子相乘的积作为积的分子,分母相乘的积作为积的分母。字母表示:
b
a
×
d
c
=
b×d
a×c
=
bd
ac
(其中
a,b,c,d
是整式,且
bd
=0
)。
2. 分式除法法则
分式除以分式,等于被除式乘以除式的倒数(即将除式的分子、分母颠倒位置后再相乘)。字母表示:
b
a
÷
d
c
=
b
a
×
c
d
=
bc
ad
(其中
a,b,c,d
是整式,且
bcd
=0
)。
二、运算步骤(四步法)
1. 准备阶段
符号判断:数负号个数,偶数个为正,奇数个为负,先确定结果符号。
整式处理:整式看作分母为 1 的分式,如
5=
1
5
。
多项式因式分解:分子或分母为多项式时,先分解因式(提公因式、平方差、完全平方等)。
2. 转化阶段(除法专用)
将除号变为乘号,同时把除式的分子分母颠倒位置,转化为乘法运算。
3. 计算阶段
分子相乘、分母相乘,写成一个分式形式。
4. 化简阶段(关键步骤)
约分:分子分母同时除以它们的公因式,直至化为最简分式(分子分母没有公因式)或整式。
技巧:先约分再相乘,可简化计算量。
三、典型例题解析
例 1:单项式分式乘法
计算:
3y
2x
×
4x
2
9y
2
步骤:
符号:正(无负号)
直接相乘:
3y×4x
2
2x×9y
2
约分(先约更简便):
3y×4x
2
2x×9y
2
=
3y
×2×
2x
×x
2x
×
3y
×3y
=
2x
3y
结果:
2x
3y
例 2:多项式分式乘法
计算:
x
2
+2x
x
2
−4
×
x−2
x
步骤:
因式分解:
x
2
−4=(x+2)(x−2)
,
x
2
+2x=x(x+2)
代入原式:
x(x+2)
(x+2)(x−2)
×
x−2
x
约分(约去公因式
x
、
x+2
、
x−2
):
x
(x+2)
(x+2)
(x−2)
×
x−2
x
=1
结果:
1
例 3:分式除法
计算:
a
2
+6a+9
a
2
−9
÷
a+3
a−3
步骤:
因式分解:
a
2
−9=(a+3)(a−3)
,
a
2
+6a+9=(a+3)
2
转化为乘法:
(a+3)
2
(a+3)(a−3)
×
a−3
a+3
约分(约去公因式
a+3
、
a−3
):
(a+3)
2
(a+3)
(a−3)
×
a−3
a+3
=1
结果:
1
例 4:混合运算(含整式)
计算:
6x
2
y÷
2z
3xy
2
步骤:
整式变分式:
6x
2
y=
1
6x
2
y
转化为乘法:
1
6x
2
y
×
3xy
2
2z
约分计算:
3xy
2
6x
2
y×2z
=
3
×
x
×
y
×y
3
×2×
x
×x×
y
×2z
=
y
4xz
结果:
y
4xz
四、注意事项(易错点警示)
分母不为零:运算中始终保证所有分母及除式不为零,即
b
=0
,
d
=0
(乘法);
b
=0
,
c
=0
,
d
=0
(除法)。
先约后乘:切勿先盲目相乘再约分,易导致计算复杂且出错。
符号问题:单独的负号可看作分母为 1 的分式,如
−a=
1
−a
;注意分子或分母是多项式时,负号要分配到每一项。
结果要求:最终结果必须是最简分式或整式,不能保留能约分的形式。
因式分解要彻底:分解不彻底会导致无法正确约分,如
x
2
−4
必须分解为
(x+2)(x−2)
,不能停留在
x
2
−4
阶段。
五、知识体系与衔接
前导知识:分数乘除法、因式分解、分式基本性质。
后续知识:分式的乘方、分式的混合运算、分式方程。
核心思想:类比分数乘除法法则,利用 “数式通性” 将分数运算推广到分式运算,体现转化与化归的数学思想。

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